While there are many reasons a bank might fail, the common pattern is excessive loan losses followed by a lack of confidence from depositors. The actual closure of a bank may be triggered by a run on deposits, or regulators may step in if it appears that capital has been exhausted due to large losses. Bank failures over the past year have generally followed this pattern. For example, the failures of Washington Mutual and IndyMac happened as a result of unwise expansion and risks taken during the housing bubble, including an inordinate number of subprime mortgage loans that defaulted when the housing bubble burst.

There are many factors that can lead to excessive loan losses. Expanding rapidly into new geographic areas may result in banks taking on risks they don’t fully understand or trying to “buy” market share by liberalizing credit underwriting. Some may expand into new product types without fully understanding the risks involved, as was the case with subprime mortgages. Banks may also simply be lax in enforcing credit standards when the economy seems robust. Occasionally, a bank may acquire another company without fully understanding the risk in that company’s loan portfolio.

Since the latter part of 2007, the financial world has been in one of the worst crises of the last half century. Just a cursory look at news headlines around the world reveals a telling and stress-inducing story.

With these articles, the spotlight remains squarely on financial institutions as we are continually reminded of failing and nearly failing banks needing “bailouts”. Unfortunately, we are too often only exposed to part of the story.

As the nation’s credit crisis has continued to make headlines, the United States Department of Treasury has continued to develop new tools to engender confidence and strengthen liquidity in the financial system. A major new element of the government’s response is the Capital Purchase Plan, an element of the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act recently passed by Congress, by which up to $250 billion is being invested in healthy banks that form the backbone of our economy. This new capital is being provided in the form of senior preferred stock, with a coupon rate of 5 percent for the first five years, after which the rate increases to 9 percent. Warrants to purchase common stock at current prices, in an amount equal to 15 percent of the total investment, are also provided to the government. The structure of the program virtually ensures that these taxpayer funds will not constitute a “bailout,” but rather an investment that will be fully repaid by the many banks receiving this investment.